This article shows the necessity of studying the beginning and ending time of the frosts and its effects on agriculture and transportation. The period of this study is from 1989 to 1999. The data of minimum daily temperature in 4 synoptic climatologic stations of Khorram Abad, Boroujerd, Nasereddin and Aligoudarz had been studied. The purpose of this article is to study the prevalence of frost in understudied PROVINCE by normal distribution method. The occurrence dates of these early fall and late spring frosts have been considered in different recurrent periods, and the curves have been drawn by Matlab software.

One of the most important problems in geotechnical projects is how to predict unstable areas. There are several methods to hazard potential delineation, generally include direct and indirect methods. In general, for some geotechnical problems, the hazard potential can be expressed by the terms of "very high, high, moderate, low, and very low". The evaluation using these terms as a qualitative assessment, enables the preparation of susceptibility maps at low cost for purposes such as land-use planning or regional risk assessment. This paper presents the investigation results of liquefaction zonation in LORESTAN PROVINCE. This zonation is based on Forth Technical Committee manual for zonation on seismic geotechnical hazards (TC4). Three grades of approach to zonation can be used related to scale of mapping: Grade 1 or general zonation which is based on compilation and interpretation of existing information available from historic documents, published reports and other available databases, mapping in the range 1:1000,000 to 1:50,000. Grade 2 or detailed zonation, mapping to scales of about 1:100,000 to 1: 10,000, based on improving the Grade 1 zonation maps at moderate cost by making use of additional data such as aerial photographs or additional field studies. Grade 3 or rigorous zonation, which is a very detailed level of zonation, mapping in scales of 1:25,000 to 1:5,000. In this paper, LORESTAN PROVINCE Liquefaction Potential is evaluated bases on Grade 1 and Grade 2 methods and mapped in scale of 1:250,000. Results of this zonation shows that the potential of seismic hazsrds of alluviums in this region varies from low to high, related to soil structure, level of ground water and Soil density.

Veriety and frequency of jobs, progress of technology and sciences have been led to increase in threating factors, job diseases and job accidents. In this cross - sectional, job accidents occurred in 2000, were studied. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Results showed that the majority of accident- prone workers (81.4%)were under the age of 40 and occurrence of accident was more in building workers than others. From view point of work record 50% of Lhe injured workers had maximum of 5 years of work record and 52.7% of them had no literacy or low literacy .(P<0.05). More than 50% of the accidents had been occurred in workshops lacked technical protection conunittee and most of them were in private ownership .Accidents frequency was very high (80.6%) in workshops which had no responsible for safty and work health. There was a significant relationship between existence of responsible for safty and work health and accident accurrence (P<0.05). 94.4% of the accidents had been occuITed among workers who had no training or education about safty and health. Most of the accidents had been occurred in the morning working hours shift (63.9%) and among married works with a peak in June and July. The occuTenctieme of accidents was often between 9 to 11 a. ffi. Considering the exposure of workers at this risk, it is suggested to prevent accidents by suitable planning such as promotion of literacy level of workers, necessary training of safty and health, inspection and cleanliness of working environments, as well as paying attention to workers" economic and familial problems.

Sustainable Housing is housing that is economically appropriate, socially acceptable, technically and physically feasible, environmentally friendly, feasible and environmentally friendly. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In order to select the villages under study according to the size of the study area, the first step was identified using factor analysis of homogeneous zones, then cluster analysis was used to cluster the cities. According to cluster analysis, the PROVINCEs were divided into 3 climatic zones. In each zone based on household information, natural location and distance of each village, abundance of villages in each of the homogenous zones was determined and a total of 50 villages were sampled. Statistical population includes households living in rural areas of LORESTAN PROVINCE. 500 heads of households were selected using Cochran formula. Descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test and ANOVA) were used to analyze the data from field studies. The results of single-sample T-tests show that overall the stability level of housing dimensions in different zones is low. The results of the analysis of stability radar also show that in the study area 20 villages were in instability, 26 villages were in poor stability and 4 villages were in moderate stability.

Rainfall erosivity is usually represented by indices based on rainfall characteristics. So far, many rainfall erosivity indices have been developed, out of which the R index (EI30 in the model of RUSLE) is the most acceptable one. By calculating the EI30 in various points, erosivity maps can be produced for the country, some PROVINCEs or any other parts of the country. In this study, erosivity map for LORESTAN PROVINCE was produced using this index. In order to estimate this index for regions lacking data from recording rain gauges, regression analysis was used. Thus the EI30 index and a few easily obtainable rainfall erosivity indices were calculated for 13 recording rain gauges with long term and intensive rainfall data. A regression analysis was then carried out between EI30 index and other indices. The best regression equation was established using Modified Fournier index (MF) with determination coefficient and standard error of estimate of 0.955 and 112, respectively. To mapping rainfall erosivity, all of rain gauges (both having rainfall intensity and daily rainfall depth records) existed in the PROVINCE and that of the surrounding regions were then assessed, and 61 rain gauges having more than 15 year daily rainfall data were selected. The EI30 were then estimated for the selected ones using the regression equation. Mean, Maximum, Minimum and coefficient of variation of the rain gauges were 594.94, 2257.3, 98.54 Mj-mm-ha-1hr-1year-1 and 66.38 percent. For converting point erosivity data to a map, a number of common interpolation methods were assessed and in order to select the suitable one, cross- validatin method were used. from the interpolation methods, Co Kriging was found to be the most suitable in terms of low error measures based on cross validation. Therefore rainfall erosivity map were produced for LORESTAN PROVINCE using Co Kriging.

Today, the countries that have been known as developed countries not only they have high economic and social indicators, but also the distribution of incomes and facilities are justly. But in underdeveloped countries (for example our country Iran), the values of these indicators (economic & social and etc), are low and their distributions are unjustly. One of the great features of urbanization in underdeveloped counties is inappropriate spatial distribution of cities. One of the phenomena that have been accrued in our cities is macrocephaly phenomenon. Urbanization and the desire to live in major cities, has increased in most countries, especially in less developed countries. The poor spatial distributions of cities are the other feature of urbanization in less developed countries. Macrocephaly phenomenon has been shown in less developed countries and the size of largest city in these countries is more than 5 to 10 equal of size of population of second city. Aggregation of administrative – politic activities and commercial – social activities in first city are deterrent of development in other cities in this countries. As a result, regional and national balance is destroyed. In Iran, this condition is different between cities. So some cities (for example center of PROVINCE) are location of aggregation of facilities and population and other city don’t have their facilities and many people due to their needs migrate to first city and then this is led to macrocephaly phenomenon. One of the PROVINCE in our country that this phenomenon is clearly is LORESTAN. Hence, all of facilities and capital have been accumulated in center of PROVINCE (Khoram abad city) and other cities don’t have them. Finally this problem is harmful for this provice because population of other cities migration to Khoram abad city (center of LORESTAN PROVINCE) and increase population of PROVINCE center. While, these cities will be faced with reduction of population on the other hand their cities have enough facilities. So should be identified facilities and appropriate of intermediate and small cities also should be strengthened their appropriate to prevent macrocephaly phenomenon in this PROVINCE. The purpose of this research is, considering and analyzing of urban network LORESTAN PROVINCE by using Lorenz curve, Gini Coefficient, entropy coefficient. At finally present a model in order to improving and strengthening the role of intermediate and small cities in to prevent from macrocephaly phenomenon in PROVINCE.This research is applied and the method of research is "Descriptive -analytic". The data has been collected library. By using models that was mentioned above, has analyzed urban network of LORESTAN PROVINCE.The findings of research show that according to result of Lorenz curve, Gini Coefficient, density percent in LORESTAN cities is semi-balanced, also base on entropy coefficient, establishment of population and urban space balance is well. Also by identifying and strengthening and distribution of facilities in intermediate and small cities will be prevented from first city in PROVINCE. On the other hand if identify facilities of intermediate and small cities, the cites will develop in future.

Esophageal cancer is the eighth common cancer in the world; Food habits and nutrition are among the most common causes of it. In this case - control study, 56 cases with esophageal cancer compared with 112healthcontrols, without neoplasm history.For each case selected two controls of the same age and sex. One control from neighbors and other from close relatives of the patients; The case group and two control groups, using a questionnaire, have been compared with each other for the past 20 years from view point of, nationality ,consumption of hot tea, home made bread, fresh vegetables, consumption of fruits, consumption of milk and, consumption of meat, salt, dried whey, maintenance way of food, history of esophageal cancer family history of esophageal and stomach cancer, consumption of tabacco and consumption of alcohol.Results showed that consumption of hot tea (P< 0.005, OR= 5.5), consumption of home made bread (P< 0.005, OR= 3.7), consumption of fresh vegetables (P< 0.05, OR=1.9), consumption of fruit (P<0.005, OR=3.4) and family history of esophageal and stomach cancer (p< 0.05, OR=2.7) have had significant relation with esophageal cancer.With attention to similar studies, in different areas of the world, in LORESTAN PROVINCE consumption of hot tea, home made bread, low consumption of vegetables and fruit and also family history of esophageal or stomach cancer are main risk factors for esophageal cancer, but earcinogenic role of tobacco and alcohol is less in comparison win other areas of the world.

The genus Astragalus L. has the highest number of plant species in Iran. In order to study the vegetation of LORESTAN PROVINCE between 2001 to 2013, a collection species of Astragalus L. in PROVINCE of LORESTAN was collected and identified. This study showed that there are 125 species belong to 29 Section in different habitats of LORESTAN PROVINCE. Forty species (32%) have not been reported from LORESTAN PROVINCE. from the 14 endemic and semi-endemic sections of Iran, 11 of them were identified in LORESTAN. Hemicryptophytes with 59 species (47. 2%) are the most abundant life form of Astragalus in LORESTAN PROVINCE. Topography is an important factor in the diversity of Astragalus species in LORESTAN. At lowlands species such as A. brachyodontus Boiss., A. siliquosus Boiso., A. hamosus L., and in high-lands spiny bushes and cushions such as A. myriacanthus Boiss., A. gossypinus Fisch., A. floccosus Boiss., A. verus Olivier, A. effusus Bunge and A. ophiocarpus Bunge Were identified.

The aim of this research was plant identification, introduction to the flora, determination of life forms and geographical distribution in Khargushan Mountain. This Mountain, with 6000 hectares, situated on the east of Poldokhtar and south-west of Khorramabad. The maximum altitude of this mountain is thought 2329 m. Plant specimens were collected from different parts of the area during two growing seasons 2013-2014. The plant biological spectrum of the area was plotted by means of life forms results. The position of the area within Iran’s phytogeography classification was studied based on geographical distribution data and references. From 211 identified species in the studied area, 3 Pteridophytes, 1 Gymnosperm, 176 dicotyledons and 31 monocotyledons were presented.These species belong to 50 families and 150 genera. The important families are Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Lamiaceae with 12.79%, 10.42%, 8.05% and 7.58%, respectively. Life forms of the plant species include Therophytes 36.49%, Hemicryptophytes 31.28%, Cryptophytes 18.96%, Phanerophytes 8.06%, and Chamaephytes 5.21%.138 species (65.4%) were endemics of Irano-Turanian region; 32 species of them were endemics of Iran which among them, distribution of 4 species (Astragalus lurorum, Dionysia gaubae, Hedysarum gypsophilum and Phlomis lurestanica) limited to LORESTAN PROVINCE.